Tri-Liminal Phenomena will Crank Your Mind Into High Gear. Attract Financial Success, Achieve Personal Goals. Eliminate Negative Habits and Behaviors.

Fall Asleep Faster, Fall Asleep Deeper, More Restful Sleep, Deep Zen Meditation States - Merge With The Universal Mind.  

Triliminal Phenomena Part 1

Tri-Liminal Phenomena is not a success program, it is a Powerful Solution for everything that is wrong with your life. It is pure power synergizing state of the art proven technologies in Human Brain Potential to Transform your Life on Auto Pilot. A one hour multi layered module that is custom engineered to go beyond the mind and engage you on a journey of change and transformation.
Thought Bubbles simply ignore the resistant worn out patterns you  now have, and trigger your Brain to create new success neural pathways. A note on

Your Jouney will allow you to merge with Universal Mind, the source of all creation, experience thought bubbles while increasing your personal vibrational frequency that is responsible for the coincidences in life. example: things seem to simply go right in your life.  Triliminal Phenomena is a breakthrough in the Jouney to Transform your Life.

You are now a passenger on the Triliminal Phenomena Module. Simply put on your Headphones, and let Triliminal Phenomena take you on a Journey of Transformation and Change. Selected Readings on .

Plug and Play Technology put pure transformational power in your hand with Scientifically Engineered Techniques to re-wire your brainwaves with a blueprint for personal success.
 

Triliminal Phenomena Part 2

Triliminal Phenomena Part 3

Triliminal Phenomena Part 4


Whole Brain Thinking

Allow your brain to work as a whole rather than two halves ! Very special tones in the Triliminal Phenomena will have your whole brain working together at full potential to transform your life.

If one side of your brain appear to influence the other, Triliminal Phenomena will have your whole brain working for you. Scientists have long been convinced that humans do not utilize all of the massive power of their brains.

It's an organ of two halves: one encourages logical, reasoned thought whilst the other controls creativity.

Most of us are trained through schools, colleges, parents, friends and universities to favor one side or the other.  
Triliminal Phenomena Whole Brain experiences is designed to activate both sides of your brain and expand the power of your mind, by merging with Universal Intelligence.  Your brain responds to your thoughts, generated through suggestions, the spoken words directly or indirectly which trigger thought streams and inevitable behaviours and actions to influence circumstances and results that you experience. Results from search is

Just sit back and allow Triliminal Phenomena activate Whole Brain Thinking to trigger your whole brain to actively participate in resolving your problems that is causing you worry, while harnessing the full potential power of your brain to move yourself forward to inevitable success.

At this very moment, Triliminal Phenomena is at work to actively unleash the incredible capacity of your Brain.  Nothing for you to do, simply allow your whole brain start working together for your success right here, right now.

Experience the power of your mind  and Blow everyone else out of the water. Why throw away half your natural talents! Download Triliminal Phenomena Now, and Start the Jouney towards your inevitable Success.

 Tri-Liminal Results in the First Hour

The Tri-Liminal Phenomena will have you experiencing results within the first hour of use. Tri-Liminal Phenomena is an easier pathway,  a new technology, that triggers the power you already have.  It was engineered for results, not just another slick production. It will change your Life. Researched item on

Guide your inner powers directly by using the untapped 98% of your Brain Potential into specific states of mind that builds powerful neuro pathways to achieve unstoppable performance.

With Tri-Liminal Phenomena technology, you leverage your Inner Power through your brain to attain optimal mental and physical performance.

This new path uses immersive sound waves and Vibrational Frequencies that transport you into higher dimensions of frequency consciousness where profound transformations take place.

This creates huge shifts in your Mental Performance to trigger Physical Performances that changes your day to day Reality. The Tri-Liminal Phenomena Targets Specific Objectives

Tri-Liminal Phenomena is a 360 Full Surround Journey,  transforming your stereo headphones into an exciting adventure of life changing transformations. You will travel into those secret areas of your brain and your mind with blueprints to correct those areas that does not work for you.

" I am an ex-insomniac. I toss about restless and wide awake.  I would watch TV all night and every day I am tired. Even presciption drugs did not help. Yet, after a week using this module, I fall asleep the minute my head hit the pillow. It looks like my body learned to sleep again. This Triliminal stuff is good. " Jose Camarillo

Quiet the Voices Within

Stop the Constant Chatter Inside your Head
 

Escape the hive of noise and unwanted activity in your head and Live Life to the fullest with peace and quiet.

The modern world is noisy enough without having to suffer constant voices in your head. They never stop, and most of what they say is very damaging to you. It makes it very difficult to live a normal life. If only you could make them stop. Triliminal Phenomena calms those voices and clear the chatter in your brainwave activity to one of calm and tranquility.

The voices fade and you experience the peace and tranquility of real quiet.

Right here, Right Now, sit back and listen to the babbling brook to experience the tranquility of the Source of all Creation, as you Grow quiet, calm and Tranquil. You experience the Quiet Within and silence the sounds in your head to experience the world with clarity and calm again.

 You will transcend into dimensions of the invisible where magic happens and call on your personal guide to create unique blueprints for Financial Success and Life Changing Prosperity.

Deep Zen State

Triliminal Phenomena produces Specific Frequencies within the soundwave combination to guide you into the deepest Zen State naturally.

No effort on your part, you quietly put aside all your worries and concern as you enter the Zen State.  You will break away from old patterns of problems and worry.
Anxiety and Panic Attacks melt away while you resolve your problems and worries through merging with Universal Intelligence.

In this state, you will Gain  Insight and awareness to your personal and unique way to managing the coincidences in your life, and attract your deepest desires along your Life Path. Here, you practice the art of Materialization.

No strenuous exercise with long secret recipes, with Triliminal Phenomena you plug in, and go there, organically and all natural.
Example : If you were going to Europe for a Vacation, is it really necessay to build an aeroplane, learn to fly it, get flying lessons to fly the plane you built for your Two Week Vacation ?
I hope not !!. Much better to buy a ticket, board the plane and enjoy your vacation. Triliminal Phenomena is the module to Transforming your Life.

Financial Success

You Can Create Wealth - Triliminal Phenomena is the frequency doorway to merge with Universal Mind. This is your Journey to Make more Money and Unlimited Wealth.

Achieve a healthier bank balance and everything that goes with it

Everyone wants to be rich but only a few achieve real wealth.  
Triliminal Phenomena energises your personal magnetic attraction to accumulate wealth.

It takes the right attitude and a fearless streak to hit the jackpot.  Triliminal Phenomena is designed to install the millionaire mindset to achieve your personal goals. You become more optimistic and materialize those dreams and desires. Reflections on

Discover the know-how to build your personal consciousness of wealth and start attracting more money while accumulating wealth.

Triliminal Phenomenal will fire up your imagination and release your creative powers, to attract new businesses and profits,
Earn loads of money, Become a business tycoon. Do Not just dream about money, go out and make it! True Financial Success includes monetary prosperity and abundance, career satisfaction, recognition and personal freedom.

Powerful tri-liminal 3D Photo Sounds embedded with the millionaire mind directly establishes clarity of intent and a success mind-set.
 

Money is energy you tap into    ON Auto-Pilot.

The Tri-liminal Phenomena ignores the layers of Poverty Training and the Deep Poverty Blueprint Embedded in your neural pathways.

This poverty blueprint controls how you feel, what you think and what you do. Just look at your results, and you will agree it is the results from a poverty blueprint.

When you think like a Millionaire, Feel like a Millionaire and think through every of your daily challenges like a Millionaire, you start getting Millionaire Results - and this new results will have everyone around you notice.

Tri-Liminal Phenomena will ignore your Poverty Blueprint, and Superimpose The Millionaire Mind blueprint to transform your poverty mind and adopt this new Millionaire Mind blueprint as a natural evolution. This will transform your focus and your outlook to affect both your behaviour and results.

" I was unemployed for three years, and I gave up hope. I did odd jobs to keep my head above water. I was stressed out and anxious 24 hours a day. Many times I thought I was having a heart attack, my doctor says it was anxiety. I used Triliminal, and it is magic. I had an idea while using it , to start a small odd job business.   Before I used Triliminal, I never thought I was good enough. I was very ashamed with myself. I do not know why, but I felt like Iit was ok to start this business, and I talked to my sister, who had a good job. When she said "I believe in you Mike", I cried like a baby. I used Triliminal all night. I was terrified to start this business. Then, my whole family was all dressed and they went with me to do it. I started my small business. I passed out flyers and told everyone in my neighbourhood about it. In the business ... My wife cooks and bakes, my children delivers and I do the tough stuff, like handyman work. Now, there is a long line of customers. From a few dollars as a day while unemployed to thousands a week, I was able to pay off our debts and buy our home. Life is getting very good."   Michael Carmichael

Switch Off the Pain and Clear your Brain

Triliminal Phenomena will release your suffering with migraines Had enough of headaches and painful sensitivity?

Migraine is an excruciating condition.

The slightest movement makes you sick and even the merest hint of light causes shooting pains in your head. Even after the pain subsides you are left feeling wrecked, rung out and ruined.

Triliminal Phenomena activates Brainwave Frequencies that will relieve your Migraine Condition to help alleviate these symptoms.

Pain recedes and you feel intense relief. Activate Triliminal Phenomena Brainwave Frequencies release yourself from pain and be ready for anything. Soothe your mind and body to Manage migraines, Feel happier and healthier, Enjoy pain-free experiences. Turn off migraine pain

 

Unstoppable Self Confidence and Self Esteem  Persistent feelings of being worthless and insignificant.  Missing out on great opportunities and Relationships.  Always your own harshest critic. You have excellent characteristics, but shyness keeps you from having deep meaningful relationships ?. Always left behind and out of the loop. As a result, no-one ever gets to see the real you. Triliminal Phenomena is crafted to reframe your old tired and worn out  thinking patters of self loathing to set out on a new Jouney of courage and determination to put yourself first . Your belief in yourself soars and you realize how much you have to offer. Just allow  Triliminal Phenomena to take you out of the back seat permanently, while transforming your self image into strength and self-belief to stand up and be counted.  Triliminal Phenomena is a jouney of Self Transfomation that is effortless.  It will easily set you on the path to the new super-confident you by Eliminating negative thoughts , Adjusting skeptical attitudes and behaviors, Believing in yourself and your abilities Love & Applause From All Sides to Hold your head high in every situation will Eliminate fears of rejection, accept praise and admiration and Appreciate the warmth and generosity of others You Surge with Unstoppable Self Confidence and Self Esteem    Triliminal Phenomena Zoooooming experience to new assertiveness, dynamically boosting your Belief in yourself . Eliminate worry about the opinions of others, Make positive and proactive decisions. The New You, Super Confident, with High Self Esteem. Realize your true value and importance. Permanently Remove doubts and anxieties, Lift the weight of negativity from your shoulders, and be more and more confident with everything you do A lack of Self Esteem is an Unnecessary Disease that affects our Relationships, our Career, our attractiveness and our day to day results. Removing the root cause of this disease (Lack of Self Esteem) will simply banish it (this disease) from your Life, and you will be fired up with unstoppable self confidence and self esteem. This will skyrocket your career,  improve your relationships and you are more attractive to everyone around you.

	Gracia Montero
		I've noticed an improvement in myself since I've started using the Triliminal Phenoma, but it's not just me; my familly and friends tell me as well that I look and act way more confident. I feel so good about it!   Gracia Montero
		I've been drifting for many years and I was in total denial. I feel now that I've gotten back onto the path to regain balance and harmony in my life. Thanks to you! It is no coincidence that I bumped into your Trimliminal Phenomena. Deep down I was desperatelly looking for guidance and I think it was meant to be.   Gracia Montero

 

And this is just the tip of the iceberg of the amazing

	" For the last 5 years I have been through great personal turmoil and I found it very difficult to stay motivated and focused. Since listening to the Triliminal Phenomena program, my life has taken a remarkable turn-around and has opened up a whole new world to me. I am now taking action towards my goals, and have a clear direction and focus. The Triliminal Phenomena program has not only changed my life, but also my family." Joanna Wallace Joanna Wallace
	"I ordered Triliminal Phenomena and my life has changed so much for the better, I listen to the program everyday and sometimes while I sleep. My confidence has hit a level I never dreamed ever existed. The Triliminal Phenomena is awesome, and the thoughts I have now are positive, and I find when someone says something negative, I respond with something positive, and I find my negative thoughts are gone, this all happened in a short period of time. I also had a lot of anxiety, depressed and took an antidepressant, after listening to the Triliminal Phenomena I have not taken them since, I am calmer, I sleep better and feel better all around. I recommend Triliminal Phenomena to anyone that is struggling with self issues or any issues. Believe me this is coming from one that grew up around negative surroundings." Joanna Wallace
	"I have had problems not being able to sleep for days before a meeting. Getting to the meeting was even harder. Everyone was telling me I'm doing okay, but they do not know how much it takes me to do it. I have tried exercises, new age music, talking to myself in positive ways, reading many books and listening to audio books. It has helped, but not enough. So, I bought the Triliminal Phenomena program with a real hope that I would be ready to face "the music: again this year. I listened to the program for three days before my first presentation. I slept a little better and to my surprise I was calm the day of the presentation. Even more, I was looking forward to taking the microphone. The presentation went very well, I may have even spoke too much and surprised many who know I don't like the microphone. I have to say I think the Triliminal Phenomena program has certainly helped me get on the right track." Joanna Wallace

 

Upgrade to Brain 2.0

Upgrade Your Brain to Triliminal Phenomena Brain 2.0 and experience Whole Brain Activity on auto-pilot. Technology  now makes it possible to engage your Brain into Whole Brain Processing Power. Engage the Unlimited Potential of your Brain that is locked away in a primordial state and unused, and unleash all its potential to Full Processing Power to Realize all your Dreams and Desires.

Plugin Triliminal Phenomena integrated Flash Brain 2.0 Upgrades and its like your brain goes on Genius-Level activity, unleashing pure potentiality that is only possible with your brain operating on Triliminal Phenomena Brain 2.0 upgrade to Full Genius Brain Power:

6 Powerful Flash Modules to Engage Your Brain into Triliminal Phenomena Brain 2.0 Full Potentiality
 

Dynamic Mood Elevator. Powerful Gamma Protocol to flood endorphins throughout your body to energize and motivate you. Be calm, relaxed and happy as a way of life. Put an end to brain fog and stubborn depressive moods.
The Millionaire Mindset. Deep inside your primordial brain is a trained set of reactions that is released in your day to day life as invisible action thoughts. Through your environment, these invisible action thoughts are organised into survival behaviours that will follow you and your reality for the rest of your life. These Action Thoughts can keep you poor for the rest of your life. Example 90% of all Multi Million Dollar Lottery Winners return to Poverty after a few years. Triliminal Phenomena Brain 2.0 Upgrade engages these invisible action thoughts directly from every dimension and  level of mind to transform them (your invisible thoughts) into Pure Potential. You think, act and behave like a Millionaire, and you Achieve Millionaire Results. You have the Midas Touch, Making Money, Keeping your Money and using your Money to work for you comes to you as easily as Breathing.
Natural Massive Energy Levels. Organic energy from Triliminal Brain Power 2.0. Your Brain controls your Energy Levels by flooding your body chemistry with high levels of energy boosting emotions . Success, Winning, High Achievements, personal recognition and happiness emotion boosting energy immediately explode your energy levels to achieve peak performance each and every moment of each and every day. Triliminal Phenomena make this level of persistent high energy your everyday experience for the rest of your Life. Seeking the term for
Solutions come Quickly and Easily to Achievers, Millionaires, Billionaires, The Rich, The Super Rich and the Extravagantly Rich. Your Brain Have Instant and Immediate access to every solution in the Universe on Auto Pilot. This is Triliminal Phenomena Power in Action. Make it your Action, Upgrade your Brain to Triliminal Power.
Switch to Triliminal Phenomena, the place where there are no limits and you can have, do, or be anything you can imagine. from  the Triliminal State, you can have more than you could imagine Experience 3D Manifesting Your Own Reality You Want More, and You are Ready For More. You are ready to turbocharge your Inner Force to Manifest. YOU ARE READY to Go Beyond the Poverty Reality Cycle. You are ready to let go of what is not happening in order to accept what you want in your life.
Experience Deeper, More Restful Sleep Triliminal Phenomena will restore your Sleeping Brainwaves Naturally and Organically, so you can naturally go to sleep every night for a deep, restful sleep. Your chattering brain goes quiet, you feel peaceful and fall into a deep, restful sleep each and every time.
Effortlessly experience Incredibly Deep States of Relaxation and Zen State peacefullness with Triliminal Power so you can experience inner peace in your every day life.Enjoy the Sleep of your Dreams, banish disturbed sleeping patterns, and feel completely refreshed when you wake up   Disturbed sleep is difficult to cope with. It is annoying to be lying awake worrying about not getting enough sleep. You watch the minutes tick by, knowing you will feel terrible when it's time to get up. And when you do get up, you still feel tired and irritable. Triliminal Phenomena rewires your sleeping patterns to your original natural sleep like a baby, a restful deep sleep without pills or drugs . Triliminal Phenomena will restore your natural ability to get a great sleep every time you go to bed, giving you the strength to cope with the heavy demands of modern-day living. Fall into a deep, relaxing sleep, Enjoy consistently refreshing sleep, Wake up feeling rested and rejuvenated
	Download Triliminal Phenomena Now
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Introduction to Intranets
What exactly is an intranet? It" one of those terms that" more thrown around than understood, and has become more of a buzzword than a commonly understood idea. Simply put, an intranet is a private network with Internet technology used as the underlying architecture. An intranet is built using the Internet" TCPIP protocols for communications. TCPIP protocols can be run on many hardware platforms and cabling schemes. The underlying hardware is not what makes an intranet-it" the software protocols that matter.
Intranets can co-exist with other local area networking technology. In many companies, existing legacy systems including mainframes, Novell networks, minicomputers, and various databases, are being integrated into an intranet. A wide variety of tools allow this to happen. Common Gateway Interface (CGI) scripting is often used to access legacy databases from an intranet. The Java programming language can be used to access legacy databases as well.
With the enormous growth of the Internet, an increasing number of people in corporations use the Internet for communicating with the outside world, for gathering information, and for doing business. It didnapos;t take long for people to recognize that the components that worked so well on the Internet could be equally valuable internally and that is why intranets are becoming so popular. Some corporations do not have TCPIP networks, the protocol required to access the resources of the Internet. Creating an intranet in which all the information and resources can be used seamlessly has many benefits. TCPIP-based networks make it easy for people to access the network remotely, such as from home or while traveling. Dialing into an intranet in this way is much like connecting to the Internet, except that youapos;re connecting to a private network instead of to a public Internet provider. Interoperability between networks is another substantial bonus.
Security systems separate an intranet from the Internet. A company" intranet is protected by firewalls-hardware and software combinations that allow only certain people to access the intranet for specific purposes.
Intranets can be used for anything that existing networks are used for-and more. The ease of publishing information on the World Wide Web has made them popular places for posting corporate information such as company news or company procedures. Corporate databases with easy-to-build front-ends use the Web and programming languages such as Java.
Intranets allow people to work together more easily and more effectively. Software known as groupware is another important part of intranets. It allows people to collaborate on projects; to share information; to do videoconferencing; and to establish secure procedures for production work. Free server and client isoftware and the multitude of services, like newsgroups, stimulated the Internet" growth. The consequence of that growth stimulated and fueled the growth of intranets. The ease with which information can be shared, and with which people can communicate with one another will continue to drive the building of intranets.
A Global View of an Intranet
An intranet is a private corporate or educational network that uses the Internet" TCPIP protocols for its underlying transport. The protocols can run on a variety of network hardware, and can also co-exist with other network protocols, such as IPX. People from inside an intranet can get at the larger Internet resources, but those on the Internet cannot get into the intranet, which allows only restricted access from the Internet.
Videoconferencing is an important application that requires sending massive quantities of data. Intranets can be built using components that allow the extremely high bandwidths required for transferring such information.
Often an intranet is composed of a number of different networks inside a corporation that all communicate with one another via TCPIP. These separate networks are often referred to as subnets.
Software that allows people to communicate with each other via e-mail and public message boards and to collaborate on work using workgroup software is among the most powerful intranet programs. Applications that allow different corporate departments to post information, and for people to fill out corporate forms, such as time sheets, and for tapping into corporate financial information are very popular.
Much of the software used on intranets is standard, off-the-shelf Internet isoftware such as the Netscape Navigator and the Microsoft Explorer Web browsers. And customized programs are often built, using the Java programming language and CGI scripting.
Intranets can also be used to allow companies to do business-to-business transactions, such as ordering parts, sending invoices, and making payments. For extra security, these intranet-to-intranet transactions need never go out over the public Internet, but can travel over private leased lines instead.
Intranets are a powerful system for allowing a company to do business online, for example, to allow anyone on the Internet to order products. When someone orders a product on the Internet, information is sent in a secure manner from the public Internet to the company" intranet, where the order is processed and completed.
In order to protect isensitive corporate information, and to ensure that hackers donapos;t damage computer systems and data, security barriers called firewalls protect an intranet from the Internet. Firewall technology uses a combination of routers, servers and other hardware and software to allow people on an intranet to use Internet resources, but blocks outsiders from getting into the intranet.
Many intranets have to connect to legacy systems-hardware and databases that were built before an intranet was constructed. Legacy systems often use older technology not based on the intranet" TPCIP protocols. There are a variety of ways in which intranets can tie to legacy systems. A common way is to use CGI scripts to access the database information and pour that data into HTML formatted text, making it available to a Web browser.
Information sent across an intranet is sent to the proper destination by routers, which examine each TCPIP packet for the IP address and determine the packet" destination. It then sends the packet to the next router closest to the destination. If the packet is to be delivered to an address on the same subnetwork of the intranet it was sent from, the packet may be able to be delivered directly without having to go through any other routers. If it is to be sent to another subnetwork on the intranet, it will be sent to another internal router address. If the packet is to be sent to a destination outside the intranet-in other words, to an Internet destination-the packet is sent to a router that connects to the Internet
How TCPIP and IPX Work on Intranets
What distinguishes an intranet from any other kind of private network is that it is based on TCPIP-the same protocols that apply to the Internet. TCPIP refers to two protocols that work together to deliver data the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP). When you send information across an intranet, the data is broken into small packets. The packets are sent independently through a series of switches called routers. Once all the packets arrive at their destination, they are recombined into their original form. The Transmission Control Protocol breaks the data into packets and recombines them on the receiving end. The Internet Protocol handles the routing of the data and makes sure it gets sent to the proper destination.
In some companies, there may be a mix of TCPIP-based intranets and networks based on other networking technology, such as NetWare. In that instance, the TCPIP technology of an intranet can be used to send data between NetWare or other networks, using a technique called IP tunneling. In this instance, weapos;ll look at data being sent from one NetWare network to another, via an intranet. NetWare networks use the IPX (Internet Packet Exchange) protocol as a way to deliver data-and TCPIP networks canapos;t recognize that protocol. To get around this, when an IPX packet is to be sent across an intranet, it is first encapsulated inside an IP packet by a NetWare server specifically for and dedicated to providing the IP transport mechanism for IPX packets.
Data sent within an intranet must be broken up into packets of less than 1,500 characters each. TCP breaks the data into packets. As it creates each packet, it calculates and adds a checksum to the packet. The checksum is based on the byte values, that is, the precise amount of data in the packet.
Each packet, along with the checksum, is put into separate IP wrappers or envelopes. These wrappers contain information that details exactly where on the intranet-or the Internet-the data is to be sent. All of the wrappers for a given piece of data have the same addressing information so that they can all be sent to the same location for reassembly.
The packets travel between networks by intranet routers. Routers examine all IP wrappers and look at their addresses. These routers determine the most efficient path for sending each packet to its final destination. Since the traffic load on an intranet often changes, the packets may be sent along different routes, and the packets may arrive out of order. If the router sees the address is one located inside the intranet, the packet may be sent directly to its destination, or it may instead be sent to another router. If the address is located out on the Internet, it will be sent to another router so it can be sent across the Internet.
As the packets arrive at their destination, TCP calculates a checksum for each packet. It then compares this checksum with the checksum that has been sent in the packet. If the checksums donapos;t match, TCP knows that the data in the packet has been corrupted during transmission. It then discards the packet and asks that the original packet be retransmitted.
TCP includes the ability to check packets and to determine that all the packets have been received. When all the non-corrupt packets are received, TCP assembles them into their original, unified form. The header information of the packets relays the sequence of how to reassemble the packets.
An intranet treats the IP packet as it would any other, and routes the packet to the receiving NetWare network. On the receiving NetWare network, a NetWare TCPIP server decapsulates the IP packet-it discards the IP packet, and reads the original IPX packet. It can now use the IPX protocol to deliver the data to the proper destination.
How the OSI Model Works
A group called the International Standards Organization (ISO) has put together the Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) Reference Model, which is a model that describes seven layers of protocols for computer communications. These layers donapos;t know or care what is on adjacent layers. Each layer, essentially, only sees the reciprocal layer on the other side. The sending application layer sees and talks to the application layer on the destination side. That conversation takes place irrespective of, for example, what istructure exists at the physical layer, such as Ethernet or Token Ring. TCP combines the OSI model" application, presentation, and session layers into one which is also called the application layer.
The application layer refers to application interfaces, not programs like word processing. MHS (Message Handling Service) is such an interface and it operates at this level of the OSI model. Again, this segmentation and interface approach means that a variety of email programs can be used on an intranet iso long as they conform to the MHS standard at this application interface level.
The presentation layer typically simply provides a standard interface between the application layer and the network layers. This type of segmentation allows for the great flexibility of the OSI model since applications can vary endlessly, but, as long as the results conform to this standard interface, the applications need not be concerned with any of the other layers.
The session layer allows for the communication between sender and destination. These conversations avoid confusion by speaking in turn. A token is passed to control and to indicate which side is allowed to speak. This layer executes transactions, like saving a file. If something prevents it from completing the save, the session layer, which has a record of the original state, returns to the original state rather than allowing a corrupt or incomplete transaction to occur.
The transport layer segments the data into acceptable packet isizes and is responsible for data integrity of packet isegments. There are several levels of service that can be implemented at this layer, including segmenting and reassembly, error recovery, flow control, and others.
The IP wrapper is put around the packet at the network or Internet layer. The header includes the source and destination addresses, the sequence order, and other data necessary for correct routing and rebuilding at the destination.
The data-link layer frames the packets-for example, for use with the PPP (Point to Point). It also includes the logical link portion of the MAC sublayer of the IEEE 802.2, 802.3 and other standards.
Ethernet and Token Ring are the two most common physical layer protocols. They function at the MAC (Media Access Control) level and move the data over the cables based on the physical address on each NIC (Network Interface Card). The physical layer includes the physical components of the IEEE 802.3 and other specifications.
How TCPIP Packets Are Processed
Protocols such as TCPIP determine how computers communicate with each other over networks such as the Internet. These protocols work in concert with each other, and are layered on top of one another in what is commonly referred to as a protocol stack. Each layer of the protocol is designed to accomplish a specific purpose on both the sending and receiving computers. The TCP stack combines the application, presentation, and the session layers into a single layer also called the application layer. Other than that change, it follows the OSI model. The illustration below shows the wrapping process that occurs to transmit data.
The TCP application layer formats the data being sent iso that the layer below it, the transport layer, can send the data. The TCP application layer performs the equivalent actions that the top three layers of OSI perform the application, presentation, and session layers.
The next layer down is the transport layer, which is responsible for transferring the data, and ensures that the data sent and the data received are in fact the same data-in other words, that there have been no errors introduced during the sending of the data. TCP divides the data it gets from the application layer into segments. It attaches a header to each segment. The header contains information that will be used on the receiving end to ensure that the data hasnapos;t been altered en route, and that the segments can be properly recombined into their original form.
The third layer prepares the data for delivery by putting them into IP datagrams, and determining the proper Internet address for those datagrams. The IP protocol works in the Internet layer, also called the network layer. It puts an IP wrapper with a header onto each segment. The IP header includes information such as the IP address of the sending and receiving computers, and the length of the datagram, and the sequence order of the datagram. The sequence order is added because the datagram could conceivably exceed the size allowed for network packets, and so would need to be broken into smaller packets. Including the sequence order will allow them to be recombined properly.
The Internet layer checks the IP header and checks to see whether the packet is a fragment. If it is, it puts together fragments back into the original datagram. It istrips off the IP header, and then sends the datagram to the transport layer.
The transport layer looks at the remaining header to decide which application layer protocol-TCP or UDP-should get the data. Then the proper protocol strips off the header and sends the data to the receiving application.
The application layer gets the data and performs, in this case, an HTTP request.
The next layer down, the data link layer, uses protocols such as the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) to put the IP datagram into a frame. This is done by putting a header-the third header, after the TCP header and the IP header-and a footer around the IP datagram to fra-me it. Included in the frame header is a CRC check that checks for errors in the data as the data travels over the network.
The data-link layer ensures that the CRC for the frame is right, and that the data hasnapos;t been altered while it was sent. It istrips off the frame header and the CRC, and sends the frame to the Internet layer.
On the receiving computer, the packet travels through the stack, but in the opposite order from which the packet was created. In other words, it istarts at the bottom layer, and moves its way up through the protocol stack. As it moves up, each layer strips off the header information that was added by the TCPIP stack of the sending computer.
The final layer is the physical network layer, which specifies the physical characteristics of the network being used to send data. It describes the actual hardware standards, such as the Ethernet ispecification. The layer receives the frames from the data link layer, and translates the IP addresses there into the hardware addresses required for the specific network being used. Finally, the layer sends the frame over the network.
The physical network layer receives the packet. It translates the hardware address of the sender and receiver into IP addresses. Then it isends the frame up to the data link layer.
How Bridges Work
Bridges are hardware and software combinations that connect different parts of a single network, such as different isections of an intranet. They connect local area networks (LANs) to each other. They are generally not used, however, for connecting entire networks to each other, for example, for connecting an intranet to the Internet, or an intranet to an intranet, or to connect an entire subnetwork to an entire subnetwork. To do that, more sophisticated pieces of technology called routers are used.
When there is a great amount of traffic on an Ethernet local area network, packets can collide with one another, reducing the efficiency of the network, and slowing down network traffic. Packets can collide because so much of the traffic is routed among all the workstations on the network.
In order to cut down on the collision rate, a single LAN can be subdivided into two or more LANs. For example, a single LAN can be subdivided into several departmental LANs. Most of the traffic in each departmental LAN stays within the department LAN, and so it neednapos;t travel through all the workstations on all the LANs on the network. In this way, collisions are reduced. Bridges are used to link the LANs. The only traffic that needs to travel across bridges is traffic bound for another LAN. Any traffic within the LAN need not travel across a bridge.
Each packet of data on an intranet has more information in it than just the IP information. It also includes addressing information required for other underlying network architecture, such as for an Ethernet network. Bridges look at this outer network addressing information and deliver the packet to the proper address on a LAN
Bridges consult a learning table that has the addresses of all the network nodes in it. If a bridge finds that a packet belongs on its own LAN, it keeps the packet inside the LAN. If it finds that the workstation is on another LAN, it forwards the packet. The bridge constantly updates the learning table as it monitors and routes traffic.
Bridges can connect LANs in a variety of different ways. They can connect LANs using serial connections over traditional phone lines and modems, over ISDN lines, and over direct cable connections. CSUDSU units are used to connect bridges to telephone lines for remote connectivity.
Bridges and routers are sometimes combined into a single product called a brouter. A brouter handles both bridging and routing tasks. If the data needs to be sent only to another LAN on the network or subnetwork, it will act only as a bridge delivering the data based on the Ethernet address. If the destination is another network entirely, it will act as a router, examining the IP packets and routing the data based on the IP address.
How Intranet Routers Work
Just as routers direct traffic on the Internet, sending information to its proper destination, and routers on an intranet perform the same function. Routers-equipment that is a combination of hardware and software-can send the data to a computer on the same sub network inside the intranet, to another network on the intranet, or outside to the Internet. They do this by examining header information in IP packets, and then sending the data on its way. Typically, a router will send the packet to the next router closest to the final destination, which in turn sends it to an even closer router, and so on, until the data reaches its intended recipient.
A router has input ports for receiving IP packets, and output ports for sending those packets toward their destination. When a packet comes to the input port, the router examines the packet header, and checks the destination in it against a routing table-a database that tells the router how to send packets to various destinations.
Based on the information in the routing table, the packet is sent to a particular output port, which sends the packet to the next closest router to the packet" destination.
If packets come to the input port more quickly than the router can process them, they are sent to a holding area called an input queue. The router then processes packets from the queue in the order they were received. If the number of packets received exceeds the capacity of the queue (called the length of the queue), packets may be lost. When this happens, the TCP protocol on the sending and receiving computers will have the packets re-sent.
In a simple intranet that is a single, completely self-contained network, and in which there are no connections to any other network or the intranet, only minimal routing need be done, and so the routing table in the router is exceedingly simple with very few entries, and is constructed automatically by a program called ifconfig.
In a slightly more complicated intranet which is composed of a number of TCPIP-based networks, and connects to a limited number of TCPIP-based networks, static routing will be required. In static routing, the routing table has specific ways of routing data to other networks. Only those pathways can be used. Intranet administrators can add routes to the routing table. Static routing is more flexible than minimal routing, but it canapos;t change routes as network traffic changes, and so isnapos;t isuitable for many intranets.
In more complex intranets, dynamic routing will be required. Dynamic routing is used to permit multiple routes for a packet to reach its final destination. Dynamic routing also allows routers to change the way they route information based on the amount of network traffic on some paths and routers. In dynamic routing, the routing table is called a dynamic routing table and changes as network conditions change. The tables are built dynamically by routing protocols, and so constantly change according to network traffic and conditions.
There are two broad types of routing protocols interior and exterior. Interior routing protocols are typically used on internal routers inside an intranet that routes traffic bound only for inside the intranet. A common interior routing protocol is the Routing Information Protocol (RIP). Exterior protocols are typically used for external routers on the Internet. Acommon exterior protocol is the Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP).
Intranets come in different isizes. In a small company, an intranet can be composed of only a handful of computers. In a medium-sized business, it may include dozens or hundreds of computers. And in a large corporation, there may be thousands of computers spread across the globe, all connected to a single intranet. When intranets get large, they need to be subdivided into individual subnets or subnetworks.
To understand how subnetting works, you first need to understand IP addresses. Every IP address is a 32-bit numeric address that uniquely identifies a network and then a specific host on that network. The IP address is divided into two sections the network section, called the netid, and the host isection, called the hostid.
Each 32-bit IP address is handled differently, according to what class of network the address refers to. There are three main classes of network addresses Class A, Class B, and Class C. In some classes, more of the 32-bit address space is devoted to the netid, while in others, more of the address space is devoted to the hostid. In a Class A network, the netid is composed of 8 bits, while the hostid is composed of 24 bits. In a Class B network, both the netid and the hostid are composed of 16 bits. In a Class C network, the netid is composed of 24 bits, while the hostid is composed of 8 bits. There" a simple way of knowing what class a network is in. If the first number of the IP address is less than 128, the network is a Class A address. If the first number is from 128 to 191, it" a Class B network. If the first number is from 192 to 223, it" a Class C network. Numbers above 223 are reserved for other purposes. The smaller the netid, the fewer number of networks that can b!
e subnetted, but the larger number of hosts on the network. A Class A rating is best for large networks while a Class C is best for small ones.
To create a subnet, the demarcation line on the IP address is moved between the netid and the hostid, to give the netid more bits to work with and to take away bits from the hostid. To do this, a special number called a subnet mask is used.
Subnetting is used when intranets grow over a certain size and they begin to have problems. One problem is management of host IP addresses-making sure that every computer on the network has a proper, up-to-date host address, and that old host addresses are put out of use until needed in the future. In a corporation spread out over several locations-or across the world-it" difficult, if not impossible, to have one person responsible for managing the host addresses at every location and department in the company.
Another problem has to do with a variety of hardware limitations of networks. Dissimilar networks may all be part of an intranet. An intranet may have some sections that are Ethernet, other sections that are Token Ring networks, and conceivably other sections that use different networking technologies altogether. There is no easy way for an intranet router to link these dissimilar networks together and route the information to the proper places.
Another set of problems has to do with the physical limitations of network technology. In some kinds of networks, there are some strict limitations on how far cables can extend in the network. In other words, you canapos;t go over a certain distance of cabling without using repeaters or routers. A thick Ethernet cable, for example, can only be extended to 500 meters, while a thin Ethernet cable can only go to 300 meters. Routers can be used to link these cables together, so that an intranet can be extended well beyond those distances. But when that is done, each length of wire is essentially considered its own subnetwork.
Yet one more set of problems has to do with the volume of traffic that travels across an intranet. Often in a corporation, in a given department, most of the traffic is intradepartmental traffic-in other words, mail and other data that people within a department isend to each another. The volume of traffic outside to other departments is considerably less. called for is a way to confine intradepartmental traffic inside the departments, to cut down on the amount of data that needs to be routed and managed across the entire intranet.
Subnetting solves all these problems and more. When an intranet is divided into subnets, one central administrator doesnapos;t have to manage every aspect of the entire intranet. Instead, each subnet can take care of its own administration. That means smaller organizations within the larger organization can take care of problems such as address management and a variety of troubleshooting chores. If an intranet is subnetted by divisions or departments, it means that each division or department can guide the development of its own network, while adhering to general intranet architecture. Doing this allows departments or divisions more freedom to use technology to pursue their business goals.
Subnets also get around problems that arise when an intranet has within it different kinds of network architecture, such as Ethernet and Token Ring technologies. Normally-if there is no subnetting-a router canapos;t link these different networks together because they donapos;t have their own addresses. However, if each of the different networks is its own subnet-and so has its own network address-routers can then link them together and properly route intranet traffic.
Subnetting can also cut down on the traffic traveling across the intranet and its routers. Since much network traffic may be confined within departments, having each department be its own subnet means that all that traffic need never cross an intranet router and cross the intranet-it will stay within its own subnet.
Subnetting can also increase the security on an intranet. If the payroll department, for example, were on its own subnet, then much of its traffic would not have to travel across an intranet. Having its data traveling across the intranet could mean that isomeone could conceivably hack into the data to read it. Confining the data to its own subnet makes that much less likely to happen.
Dividing an intranet into subnets can also make the entire intranet more stable. If an intranet is divided in this way, then if one subnet goes down or is often unstable, it wonapos;t affect the rest of the intranet.
This all may sound rather confusing. To see how it" done, let" take a look at a network, and see how to use the IP address to create subnets. Let" say we have a Class B network. That network is assigned the address of 130.97.0.0. When a network is given an address, it is assigned the netid numbers-in this case, the 130.97-and it can assign the host numbers (in this case, 0.0) in any way that it chooses.
The 130.97.0.0 network is a single intranet. It" getting too large to manage, though, and weapos;ve decided to divide it into two subnets. What we do is fairly straightforward. We take a number from the hostid field and use it to identify each of the subnets. So one subnet gets the address 130.97.1.0, and the other gets the address 130.97.2.0. Individual machines on the first isubnet get addresses of 130.97.1.1, 130.97.1.2, and so on. Individual machines on the second subnet get addresses of 130.97.2.1, 130.97.2.2 and so on.
Sounds simple. But we have a problem. The Internet doesnapos;t recognize 130.97.1.0 and 130.97.2.0 as separate networks. It treats them both as 130.97.0.0 since the 1 and 2 that weapos;re using as a netid is only known to the Internet as a hostid. So our intranet router will not be able to route incoming traffic to the proper network.
To solve the problem, a subnet mask is used. A subnet mask is a 32-bit number in IP form used by intranet routers and hosts that will help routers understand how to route information to the proper subnet. To the outside Internet, there is still only one network, but the subnet mask allows routers inside the intranet to send traffic to the proper host.
A subnet mask is a number such as 255.255.255.0 (the built-in default for Class C addresses; the Class B default is 255.255.0.0 and the default for Class A is 255.0.0.0). A router takes the subnet mask and applies that number against the IP number of incoming mail to the network by using it to perform a calculation. Based on the resulting IP number, it will route mail to the proper subnet, and then to a particular computer on the subnet. For consistency, everyone in a particular intranet will use the same subnet mask.
Subnetting an Intranet
When intranets are over a certain size, or are spread over several geographical locations, it becomes difficult to manage them as a single network. To solve the problem, the single intranet can be subdivided into several subnets, subsections of an intranet that make them easier to manage. To the outside world, the intranet istill looks as if it" a single network.
If youapos;re building an intranet and want it to be connected to the Internet, youapos;ll need a unique IP address for your intranet network, which the InterNIC Registration Services will handle. There are three classes of intranet you can have Class A, Class B, or Class C. Generally, a Class A rating is best for the largest networks, while a Class C is best for the smallest. A Class A network can be composed of 127 networks, and a total of 16,777,214 nodes on the network. A Class B network can be composed of 16,383 networks, and a total of 65,534 nodes. A Class C network can be composed of 2,097,151 networks, and 254 nodes.
When an intranet is assigned an address, it is assigned the first two IP numbers of the Internet numeric address (called the netid field) and the remaining two numbers (called the hostid field) are left blank, so that the intranet itself can assign them, such as 147.106.0.0. The hostid field consists of a number for a subnet and a host number.
When an intranet is connected to the Internet, a router handles the job of sending packets into the intranet from the Internet. In our example, all incoming mail and data comes to a router for a network with the netid of 147.106.0.0.
When intranets grow-for example, if there is a department located in another building, city, or country-there needs to be some way to manage network traffic. It may be impractical and physically impossible to route all the data necessary among many different computers spread across a building or the world. A second network-called a subnetwork or subnet-needs to be created.
In order to have a router handle all incoming traffic for a subnetted intranet, the first byte of the hostid field is used. The bits that are used to distinguish among subnets are called subnet numbers. In our example, there are two subnets on the intranet. To the outside world, there appears to be only one network.
Each computer on each subnet gets its own IP address, as in a normal intranet. The combination of the netid field, the subnet number, and then finally a host number, forms the IP address.
The router must be informed that the hostid field in subnets must be treated differently than non-subnetted hostid fields, otherwise it wonapos;t be able to properly route data. In order to do this, a subnet mask is used. A subnet mask is a 32-bit number such as 255.255.0.0 that is used in concert with the numbers in the hostid field. When a calculation is performed using the subnet mask and the IP address, the router knows where to route the mail. The subnet mask is put in people" network configuration files.
Overview of an Intranet Security System
Any intranet is vulnerable to attack by people intent on destruction or on stealing corporate data. The open nature of the Internet and TCPIP protocols expose a corporation to attack. Intranets require a variety of security measures, including hardware and software combinations that provide control of traffic; encryption and passwords to validate users; and software tools to prevent and cure viruses, block objectionable sites, and monitor traffic.
The generic term for a line of defense against intruders is a firewall. A firewall is a hardwaresoftware combination that controls the type of services allowed to or from the intranet.
Proxy servers are another common tool used in building a firewall. A proxy server allows system administrators to track all traffic coming in and out of an intranet.
A bastion server firewall is configured to withstand and prevent unauthorized access or services. It is typically segmented from the rest of the intranet in its own subnet or perimeter network. In this way, if the server is broken into, the rest of the intranet wonapos;t be compromised.
Server-based virus-checking software can check every file coming into the intranet to make sure that it" virus-free.
Authentication systems are an important part of any intranet isecurity scheme. Authentication systems are used to ensure that anyone trying to log into the intranet or any of its resources is the person they claim to be. Authentication systems typically use user names, passwords, and encryption systems.
Server-based site-blocking software can bar people on an intranet from getting objectionable material. Monitoring software tracks where people have gone and what iservices they have used, such as HTTP for Web access.
One way of ensuring that the wrong people or erroneous data canapos;t get into the intranet is to use a filtering router. This is a special kind of router that examines the IP address and header information in every packet coming into the network, and allows in only those packets that have addresses or other data, like e-mail, that the system administrator has decided should be allowed into the intranet.
All intranets are vulnerable to attack. Their underlying TCPIP architecture is identical to that of the Internet. Since the Internet was built for maximum openness and communication, there are countless techniques that can be used to attack intranets. Attacks can involve the theft of vital company information and even cash. Attacks can destroy or deny a company" computing resources and services. Attackers can break in or pose as a company employee to use the company" intranet resources.
Firewalls are hardware and software combinations that block intruders from access to an intranet while still allowing people on the intranet to access the resources of the Internet. Depending on how secure a site needs to be, and on how much time, money, and resources can be spent on a firewall, there are many kinds that can be built. Most of them, though, are built using only a few elements. Servers and routers are the primary components of firewalls.
Most firewalls use some kind of packet filtering. In packet filtering, a screening router or filtering router looks at every packet of data traveling between an intranet and the Internet.
Proxy servers on an intranet are used when someone from the intranet wants to access a server on the Internet. A request from the user" computer is sent to the proxy server instead of directly to the Internet. The proxy server contacts the server on the Internet, receives the information from the Internet, and then sends the information to the requester on the intranet. By acting as a go-between like this, proxy servers can filter traffic and maintain security as well as log all traffic between the Internet and the network.
Bastion hosts are heavily fortified servers that handle all incoming requests from the Internet, such as FTP requests. A single bastion host handling incoming requests makes it easier to maintain security and track attacks. In the event of a break in, only that isingle host has been compromised, instead of the entire network. In some firewalls, multiple bastion hosts can be used, one for each different kind of intranet iservice request.
How Firewalls Work
Firewalls protect intranets from any attacks launched against them from the Internet. They are designed to protect an intranet from unauthorized access to corporate information, and damaging or denying computer resources and services. They are also designed to stop people on the intranet from accessing Internet iservices that can be dangerous, such as FTP.
Intranet computers are allowed access to the Internet only after passing through a firewall. Requests have to pass through an internal screening router, also called an internal filtering routeror choke router. This router prevents packet traffic from being sniffed remotely. A choke router examines all pack-ets for information such as the source and destination of the packet.
The router compares the information it finds to rules in a filtering table, and passes or drops the packets based on those rules. For example, some services, such as rlogin, may not be allowed to run. The router also might not allow any packets to be sent to specific suspicious Internet locations. A router can also block every packet traveling between the Internet and the internal network, except for e-mail. System administrators set the rules for determining which packets to allow in and which to block.
When an intranet is protected by a firewall, the usual internal intranet iservices are available-such as e-mail, access to corporate databases and Web services, and the use of groupware.
Screened subnet firewalls have one more way to protect the intranet-an exterior screening router, also called an exterior filtering router or an access router. This router screens packets between the Internet and the perimeter network using the same kind of technology that the interior screening router uses. It can screen packets based on the same rules that apply to the internal screening router and can protect the network even if the internal router fails. It also, however, may have additional rules for screening packets specifically designed to protect the bastion host.
As a way to further protect an intranet from attack, the bastion host is placed in a perimeter network-a subnet-inside the firewall. If the bastion host was on the intranet instead of a perimeter network and was broken into, the intruder could gain access to the intranet.
A bastion host is the main point of contact for connections coming in from the Internet for all services such as e-mail, FTP access, and any other data and requests. The bastion host iservices all those requests-people on the intranet contact only this one server, and they donapos;t directly contact any other intranet iservers. In this way, intranet iservers are protected from attack.
About The Author
Pawan Bangar, technical Director, Birbals, India.
www.birbals.com
www.seobirbals.com
www.hbirbals.com
www.ebirbals.com
pawan@ebirbals.com



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